Diseases:Typhoid,Tuberculosis,Aids,Ascaris and Cancer

DISEASE:
Change from the normal state that cause discomfort,disability or disturb the health may be called as disease.it is also defined as the condition of the body or its part where its function are disturbed.

TYPES OF DISEASES:
1)CONGENTIAL DISEASE:
Congenital diseases are anatomical or physiological abnormalities present in the person from birth.It is also called natural disease.
Eg:Diabetes mellitus,Hemophilia

2)ACQUIRED DISEASE:
These disease are acquired by the person at any time in his life but after birth.It may be caused due to variety of factors like failure of some body parts,infectious,ageing etc.These are of following type:
a)COMMUNICABLE DISEASE OR INFECTIOUS DISEASE:
The disease which are passed from one person to another person are called communicable diseases .These are caused by micro organisms and worms;and are transferred in various ways:
Eg Cholera,Chicken pox,small pox,tuberculosis etc.
b)NON COMMUNICABLE DISEASE OR NON-INFECTIOUS DISEASE:
The disease that are not passed on from one person to another person are called non communicable disease.
Eg cancer,arthritis,mental disorder,smoking

TYPHOID:
Typhoid is an acute infection of the intestine.It is characterised by persistent fever,slow pulse and abdominal tenderness.It is a serious communicable bacterial disease also known as enteric fever.

CAUSATIVE ORGANISM:
The causative agent of typhoid is a bacterium,Salmonella typhi.It is a rod-shaped motile,gram negative,bacillus bactrium measuring about 1 to 1.5 nanometer in length.

RESERVOIR AND SOURCE OF INFECTION:
S.typhi is restricted to human host.Both the patient and carriers serve as reservoir.
The source of infection is urine and faecal matter of infected person.

MODE OF TRANSMISSION:
1)The disease spreads by direct or indirect contact with patient or carrier.
2)Principal vehicles of spreads are contaminated food and water.
3)The germs from infected food and water get entry into the alimentary canal and cause lessions in patches in the small intestine.
4)Raw fruits and Vegetables are also important factor.
5)Milk and milk products are also causative agents.
6)Beef,eggs and poultry are also important factors.

INCUBATION PERIOD:
The incubation period is variable,usually ranging from 1 to 3 weeks(2 weeks on average).
SYMPTOMS:
1)Constant high fever lasting for 1-3 weeks.
2)Intestine show lession,haemorrhage and ulceration.
3)Enlargement of spleen,abdominal tenderness.
4)In some cases,rose spots appears on trunk.
5)Constipation more common than diarrhoea.
6)In 2-3% cases death may occur due to haemorrhages.
7)Loss of appetite(Annorexia)
8)Slow pulse rate.
DIAGONIS:
B-Blood culture on 1st week
A-Antibody test(widal test)on 2nd week
s-Stool test on 3rd week
U-urine culture on 4th week
"BASU HAS TYPHOID"
TREATMENT:
Antibiotics like Ampicillin ,Chloramphenicol,Ciprofloxacin,Cotrimoxazole,Ceftriaxone etc.

PREVENTION:
1)Proper sanitation must be maintained.
2)Strong personnel cleanliness.
3)Protection,purification,and chlorination of public water supply.
4)fly control of spraying different insecticides.
5)Protection of food and milk from contamination.
6)Proper treatment of raw fruits and vegetables before eating.
7)Public awareness through health education.
8)Immunization with typhoid vaccine(TAB:typhoid,parathyphoidA and parathyphoidB)
9)Hands should be washed properly.

TUBERCULOSIS:
Tuberculosis is highly communicable chronic bacterial disease often found in persons living in dark and dirty congested places.The germs of TB invade any part of the body,multiply rapidly and destry the tissue.

OCCURANCE:
TB is widely spread disease found in almost every part of world.It is most common in areas having lack of proper sanitation.

CAUSATIVE AGENT:
The causative agent of TB is Mycobacterium tuberculosis.It is small rod shaped bacillus bacterium.

RESERVOIR AND SOURCE OF INFECTION:
M.tuberculosis is mostly restricted i infected person but in some cases infected cattles also serve as reservoir.
The source of infection in lung TB is respiratory secretions and the milk of diseased cattle whereas Extra pulmonary TB is not responsible for the infection of others.

MODE OF TRANSMISSION:
TB sread mostly by the throat and nose discharge from a person suffering from an active stage of the disease.The infection may be by direct or indirect contact(air borne and droplet infection0

INCUBATION PERIOD:
Incubation period is quite variable ranging from some weeks to years.
SYMPTOMS:
1)LUNG TB:
a)Fever in the evening.
b)Regular cough.
c)Sputum containing blodd(Haemophysis)
d)Loss of body weight.
e)Chest pain
f)Loss of appetive
g)Tubercles in lungs
2)EXTRA PULMONARY TB:
a)Nephritis(Swelling of nephrons).
b)Swelling of muscles(Myositis)
c)Finally,the chronic TB infects bones,circulatory system and nervous systems.

DIAGONIS:
The diagonis of TB is confirmed by Tuberculin or Montoux test,Chest X-Rays,positive sputum,gastric analysis etc.
TREATMENT:
In order to avoid multi drug resistant TB,ministry of health has launched DOTS(directly observed treatment short course) developed by International Union against tuberculosis and lung disease(IUATLD) which mainly involves good quality diagnosis and short course chemotherapy given under systematic monitoring and direct supervision.
Medicine like Rifampicin(R),Isoniazid(I),Pyrazinamide(P),Ethamutol(E),Streptomycin(S) can be used to prevent TB.
FORMULA:RIPES

PREVENTIVE MEASURES:
1)By maintaining proper sanitation.
2)Strong personnel cleanliness.
3)protection,purification and chlorination of water.
4)mass education concerning the danger of TB.
5)Identification and proper treatment of TB patient.
6)Immunization of uninfected person by BCG(bacillus calmette guerin)vaccine that confers difinite ,though partial protection.
7)Rehabilatation.
8)protection of food and milk from contamination.

ASCARIS:
Ascaris is a common intestinal infection caused by nematods,Ascaris.It is more prevalent i children than in adults.
OCCURANCE:
Ascaris is a common world wide disease most frequent in tropical countries including Nepal.It is most common in persons having unhygienic habits.
CAUSATIVE AGENTS:
Ascaris is caused by Ascaris lumbricoides.
RESERVOIR AND SOURCE OF INFECTION:
The reservoir is an infected person discharging eggs in faeces.the immediate source of infection is soil and wate containing embryonated eggs.
MODE OF TRANSMISSION:
A healthy person is infected by direct or indirect transmission of embryonated eggs from soil or other contaminated materials to mouth.embryonation require about a month after the release of eggs.Contaminated food,water ,rare vegetables and fruits are their vehicles.
INCUBATION PERIOD:
Worms reach maturity in about 2 months after migration.
SYMPTOMS:
1)indigestion,nausea,bleeding and inflamatio of lungs.
2)Abdominal discomforts and colic pain.
3)Diarrhoea,vomitting and slight fever.
4)Appendicities or blockage in intestine due to enormous parasite.
5)Weightloss,anemia and weakness.
6)In case of heavy infection in children,this may cause stunted physical and mental growth.
7)Death common in children during heavy infection.
8)Infection in liver,heart and lungs.
DIAGNOSIS:
identification of eggs in faeces is the usual method.
TREATMENT:
Use of anti helminthic drugs like Piperazine,mebendazole,Albendazole,Thiabendazole,Pemoate etc.
PREVENTIVE MEASURE:
1)Proper sanitation.
2)Strong personnel cleanliness.
3)Protection,purification and chlorination of water.
4)Protection of food from contamination.
5)Avoiding children to play with dirty things.
6)Awareness

AIDS:(ACQUIRED IMMUNO DEFICIENCY SYNDROME):
AIDS is one of the most serious communicable diseases of present day.It is a viral disease that hampers the immune system or the self defence mechaism of human body.Thus,the patients suffering from AIDS become unable to defend themselves against infection.
OCCURANCE:
AIDS is widely distributed human disease found throughout the world.AIDS was first described in 1981 in medical literature.In the year 1985,it was postulated that AIDS might have originated from Africa as the AIDS virus was endemic among African green monkey.In Nepal,the first case of AIDS was reported in 1988 A.D.
CAUSATIVE ORGANISM
The causative agent of AIDS is a virus that disrupts the proper working of the immune system.This virus was identified in 1983 by a French physician Dr L.Motaginer in the lymph node of a male homosexual.He coined the name LAV for this virus which stands for Lymphadenopathy associated virus.Later on American scientist Dr Robert Gallo isolated an almost identical virus which he termed as Human T Cell lymphotrophic virus which he termed as Human T cell lymphotrophic virus(HTLV-III).In May 1986,the name HIV was recommended to this virus by
"International committe on taxonomy of viruses".Since then it is known as HIV which stands for human immuno deficiency virus.
In short,the causative agent of AIDS is HIV virus,which is a retrovirus,meaning that it has RNA as its genetic complement.
RESERVOIR AND SOURCE OF INFECTION:
Infected person serve as a source of reservoir of HIV which may be an AIDS patient.
The source of infection is the blood and tissue of infected body.
MODES OF TRANSMISSION:
AIDS is transmitted only by a contact of infected cells containing blood of a patient with the blood of a healthy person as in
1)Unprotected sexual intercourse with an infected partners.
2)Use of contaminated needles and syrings to inject drugs or vaccines.
3)Use of contaminated razors for shaving.
4)use of contaminated needles for for boring pinnae.
5)Transfusion of infected blood or blood products.
6)Infected organ transplantaion.
7)Artificial Insemination.
8)From infected mother to her unborn child.

INCUBATION PERIOD:
Incubation period is variable ranging from 6 months to 10 years.
SYMPTOMS:
1)Unexplained diarrhoea for more than a month.
2)Malaise,fatigue,fever for more than a month.
3)Continuous weight losss.
4)Night sweats.
5)Swollen lymph gland.
6)ceratin lymph nodes especially that of groin,neck or axilla may enlarge.
As the disease progress,people gradually lose all the natural defense mechanism.This is last stage of disease during which certain complex systems are found:
1)Kaposi's Syndrome
2)Pneumonia
3)Recurrent skin infections
4)Cryptococcal meningitis
5)Blindness to inflammation of retina of eyes.
6)Damage of nervous system and death.

DIAGONOSIS:
The diagnosis of AIDS is made on the basis of pathological tests of blood.ELISA(Enzyme linked immuno sorbent Assay) is done in identifying the HIV antibodies in the blood.The another test for AIDS is Western Blot.
TREATMENT:
Use of anti HIV drugs such as Azidothymidine(AZI),Ribavarian,Dideoxyinosine(DDI),Zalcitabine,Sumarin
PREVENTIVE MEASURE:
1)Public awareness by providing information on AIDS.
2)To avoid unsafe sexual contacts for which condoms may be used.
3)Use of disposable syringes and needles.
4)Rehabilation centre for drugs addicts.
5)To avoid multiple partners and homosexuality
6)Screening before blood transfusion.
7)HiV infeected woman should avoid giving birth to babies.
8)Partners avoid kissing if they have gum bleeding.
CANCER:
Cancer is one the most serious,non communicable diseases.It is an abnormal,unorganized growth or multiplication of one or more body cells.The word cancer does not refer to a single disease but a number of changes or disorder of the body.It may occur in any tissue or part of the body.The uncontrolled growth of cells is also termed as neoplasm and the condition neoplasia.The abnormal mass of cells that results from uncontrolled cell division is called tumor.HOwever,all the tumors are not cancerous.Generally,a tumor first grows as a small swelling and may also become enlarged.According to nature of growth,tumors may be of two types:
1)BENIGN OR NON MALIGNANT TUMOR:
Benign means mild.Benign tumors are not usually fatal.These tumors stay in the region where they began.They do not involve surrounding tissue although they may push against them as they grow.Their cells do not migrate and form secondary tissue.
2)MALIGNANT TUMOR:
Malignant tumors are cancerous and life threating.They do not remain confined in any specific tissue.Initially,these tumors grow slowly producing no symptoms of cancer.This stage is called latent stage.The rate of growth of the tumor increases later on.Their cancerous cells begin to compete and destroy normal cells;and spread and migrate to other parts of the body with blood and lymph.They invade other tissue and start to grow rapidly to form secondary tumors.the process called metastasis.
TYPES OF CANCER
1)CARCINOMAS:
These are malignant tumors that grow in skin and nerves like breast cancer,lung cancer,brain tumors,eye tumors etc.
2)SARCOMAS:
These are malignant tumors that grow in bone and muscles like bone tumors ad muscle tumors.
3)LEUKEMIAS:
These are malignant growth of WBC.Persons affected with this cancer show excessive production of WBC.This is also known as blood cancer.
OCCURANCE:
Cancer is a widely distributed fatal disease of man found in every country of world.

CAUSATIVE AGENTS:
Any substances that causes cancer is termed as carcinogen.The exact cause of cancer is still unknown but it is clear that it is neither infectious nor hereditary.The development of cancer seems to depend upon many factors.
1)Smoking is one of the main cause of lung cancer.
2)Chewing tobacco and betel nut is one of the cause of buccal or mouth cancer.
3)Prolonged exposure of skin to UV rays cause skin cancer.
4)Constant irritation and injuries which continue for a long time may produce cancer in that area.
5)Different chemicals like asbestos,benzapyrene,mustard gas etc are the causes of cancer of different organs.
6)Viruses can also cause cancer.

SYMPTOMS:
The beginning of cancer(malignant tumor)in the body usually does not show a significant symptom.However,certain disorder of the body have been found to be concerned with cancer in many cases:
1)Any thickening or hump in breast or elsewhere.
2)Any changes i a mole or wart.
3)Any wound that does not heal.
4)unusual bleeding or discharge.
5)Persistent indigestion or difficulty in swallowing.
6)Persistent cough or hoarseness.
7)Any change in normal bowel habits.

DIAGNOSIS:
Cancer can be confirmed on the basis of certain pathological examination.These include biopsy,microscopia examination of body fluids,blood studies and X-ray.
TREATMENT:
The treatment of cancer varies according to nature of cancer.The common weapons used to fight cancer are surgery,radiotherapy and chemotherapy.
a)Surgery is used to remove most tumors and the surrounding tissue.
b)The use of radioactive rays for treatment purpose is called radiotherapy.Some forms of cancer are treated by radiotherapy.The diseased body part is exposed to radiations from X-rays to kill normal as well as cancerous cell.
c)chemotherapy is done to kill the cancerous cell.It includes the administration of certain anticancer drugs like Texal and Taxal taxotere.

PREVENTIVE MEASURE:
1)To give up smoking and chewing tobacco as these increase chance of cancer.
2)To protect the body from excessive exposure of X-rays,UV rays etc.
3)To be aware of possible dangerous symptoms.
4)To have regular medical check.

TERMS:

1)ONCOGENES:
The genes which may cause a normal cell to become cancerous are termed as oncogenes.Oncogenes result from mutation of normal genes.Some viruses are called oncogenic viruses as the genes they behave contain oncogenes.
2)RETINOBLASTOMIC:
It is a rare cancer which affects children's retina.